We had three categories of spam calls here here: spoofed numbers that appeared local (usually originating from outside the EU), numbers from other EU countries and numbers from third countries.
I believe they fixed spam calls from the spoofed numbers by some kind of technical improvement, the out-of-the-EU calls with blacklists, and the calls from inside the EU (and adjacent countries) by doing a few high profile police raids at the illegal call centers that were doing it and clamping down on the companies that provided service to them. https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/operation-pandora-shuts-down-12-phone-fraud-call-centres
We had three categories of spam calls here here: spoofed numbers that appeared local (usually originating from outside the EU), numbers from other EU countries and numbers from third countries.
I believe they fixed spam calls from the spoofed numbers by some kind of technical improvement, the out-of-the-EU calls with blacklists, and the calls from inside the EU (and adjacent countries) by doing a few high profile police raids at the illegal call centers that were doing it and clamping down on the companies that provided service to them. https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/operation-pandora-shuts-down-12-phone-fraud-call-centres